Q.1 Compare
radio with Television. Also explain the credibility of Broadcasting.
Thanks to technological progress, more and more individuals are able to access a vast library of data.
Both national and international news may be accessed in print, broadcast, wireless, and electronic formats, including newspapers, radio, television, and mobile devices. With these choices, people have constant access to a multitude of information. Radio remains a vital means of communication in nations where the press is censored, where technology is prohibitively costly, or where illiteracy is widespread. Radio broadcasts may give listeners with up-to-the-minute news and information since they are transmitted continuously. The stations may go beyond national boundaries to provide information in areas where it is difficult to get trustworthy media. People may still get reliable information by listening to the radio when the internet and phone lines are shut down. Radios that run on batteries or are powered by a hand crank do not even need access to electricity.During the height of the Cold War, in
1950, Radio Free Europe (RFE) began with a single transmission from New York
City to communist Czechoslovakia. After 60 years, they air in 21 countries and
28 languages. Radio Free Europe (RFE) broadcasts unfiltered news to nations
where independent media is either outlawed or not well-established. With the
advancement of radio technology, it is now possible to receive transmissions
from stations on other continents and even in other nations. As technology
improves, broadcasting becomes cheaper and more radio stations pop up all over
the world. Farm Radio International, a non-profit that helps fund rural radio
stations in 39 African nations, claims that radio is still one of the finest
ways for the rural poor to get their message out. Since radios are inexpensive
and broadcasts may reach a large population, they are particularly useful in
low-income communities and sparsely inhabited places. When it comes to
disseminating information and education, radio stations take on an especially
important function in nations with low internet penetration and high illiteracy
rates.
There has been a tremendous growth in
the number of radio stations in Africa over the last decade, notably among
community radio stations that are operated on a grassroots level. Even while
alternatives to traditional radio are proliferating, such as satellite, web,
and mobile phone radio, none of them have yet to match the ease of use and
widespread popularity of conventional radio. A poll conducted in 2010 by
AudienceScapes found that among Kenyans, 87 per cent had radios in their homes,
71 per cent had telephones, and 11 per cent had home internet connection.
Radio Journalists At Risk
Radio journalists are at danger of
harassment, intimidation and physical threats for their profession. Numerous
stations have been attacked, had their transmissions jammed, or had their broadcasting
licences cancelled all across the globe. Some regimes see radio as a danger
because of the knowledge it may disseminate, as seen by the following
violations. Authorities in some nations, including Somalia and China, have
taken measures to prevent radio from broadcasting.
According to the Committee to Protect
Journalists, Somalia was the most dangerous nation in Africa in 2010. Three
journalists were slain in Somalia that year alone, and all worked for radio
stations. In a nation that has not had a stable government since 1991, there is
continual conflict between militias and the transitional federal government.
In the midst of this, independent
media Radio Shabelle continues to operate in perilous circumstances. Reporters
and others working at the station are often threatened, detained, and even
assassinated. Five journalists and employees have been slain since October
2007. Threats were made against other Radio Shabelle reporters when they
exposed corruption at a Mogadishu port, and they were beaten as they tried to
cover a football event. In March 2011, the station’s editor Abdi Mohamed Ismael
and director Abdirashid Omar Qase were jailed for four days for allegedly
airing fake stories and assisting terrorists. The station had broadcast a story
on security concerns in a territory held by government and African Union
soldiers. The Ministry of the Interior also required the station to sign a
document promising not to air any critical coverage of the administration. No
response from Radio Shabelle.
As a consequence of Chinese pressure,
Vietnam and Indonesia have made arrests. In June of 2010, Chinese authorities
detained two Vietnamese radio operators for airing broadcasts in China that
discussed Falun Gong, a spiritual practise that has been outlawed by the
Chinese government since 1999. Originally scheduled to commence on April 8,
2011, the trial of Vu Duc Trung and Le Van Thanh, both of whom are Falun Gong
practitioners, has been delayed until further notice.
Pressure from the Chinese government
led to the arrests, according to Reporters Without Borders. If found guilty of
the criminal counts that were added subsequently, they may spend up to five
years in prison. Due to the fact that Falun Gong is not illegal in Vietnam,
their attorneys have urged that the allegations against them should be dropped.
Q.2 What
are the characteristics of radio news? How is reporting for radio is different
from other media.
There are as many books and academics
discussing journalism as there are definitions of "news." Radio news
might be defined in the same way. However all of them focus distinct parts of
the issue. There is something to learn from each one of them. The popular
saying, "When a dog attacks a man, it is not a news story, but when a man
bites a dog, it is front page stuff," may serve as a jumping off point for
a thorough exploration of the many meanings of the words involved. Today's
global news might also provide a detailed explanation of an issue or an
explanation of a concept. News is up-to-the-minute data. However, predictions
about what could occur in the near future might also serve as news.
No matter how one defines the meaning
of news, a good trustworthy forecast or a conjecture must undoubtedly be based
on 'current knowledge' , that is news. With the passage of time the development
of the definition has been changing. It means something different to various
people and in different contexts. Something that is newsworthy for a print
publication may be of little or no interest to listeners of radio or viewers of
television. Broadcasting scholars agree that "a fresh piece of information
concerning an important and recent occurrence that affects the listeners and is
of interest to them" is a good definition of news. A radio news report is
not designed to be read, but rather heard. A radio drama is also not targeted
at any certain demographic. It is not restricted to a certain region or
population, and it is not aimed at any particular set of people. Its drafting
is consequently more ticklish than the print or visual medium.
When writing for the radio,
simplicity is the most crucial element of style. It is conceivable that readers
may not get the whole meaning of the tale if it is written in too technical
jargon. The radio listener can not recoup lost knowledge by reading a phrase or
tale. If the narrative is not grasped the first time around, it would be lost
to the listener for life. Radio news writers often adopt a few principles of
their own to assist them get information over in the best (simplest form): keep
the sentence brief, avoid complicated phrases or structure and use fundamental
vocabulary not colloquialisms.
Sources of news
To do a good job, news gathering
requires a lot of training and experience. The newsroom receives information
primarily in four ways: from reporters on staff; from the monitoring of foreign
broadcasts; from news agencies or press releases; and via the distribution of
handouts and other similar materials. Since there are so many news bulletins
and the newsroom is open 24 hours a day, journalists may quickly act on
breaking stories as they occur rather than waiting for the next day's issue to
be produced. The staff reporter's duties include not only gathering his own
stories, but also checking the veracity of suspicious reports submitted by news
agencies and expanding on the information provided in press releases and other
similar documents.
The federal and provincial
governments' information offices serve as the ministers' and government's
public relations units. These organisations constantly disseminate fliers with
official announcements. This includes things like summaries of cabinet
sessions, official declarations, accounts of development projects, and so
forth. Press notes are released to explain the official stance or point of view
in exceptional cases and uncommon situations. The editor makes editorial
judgments and applies professional expertise in determining their relevance to
the news. These items are not directives from higher up but rather
communications of interest from the government and should be evaluated
independently on their own merits. Due to their rarity and the gravity of the
information they carry, press notes are to be treated with more respect and
caution. These, too, must be condensed and modified to fit the allotted space.
National and international news
agencies also contribute significantly to the information available to the
public. Reuters, a British news agency, may be the world's first. Most nations
also have their own national news agencies, although the Associated Press (AP),
the French News Agency (AFP), the Chinese News Agency (XINHUA), the Russian
News Agency (ITAR-TASS), and the German News Agency (DPA) are also prominent
international news organisations. Media outlets like the Press Trust of India and
the Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) are two such examples (PTI). Major news
organisations have bilateral arrangements with other international news
organisations to share stories and fill up coverage gaps.
There are a plethora of other
independent news outlets besides APP. The Pakistan Press International (PPI) is
the most influential of them. Additional major players in the industry include
Network News International (NNI), Pakistan Press Association (PPA), and Kashmir
Press Journal (KPJ).
Art and Scope of Reporting for Radio
Reporting entails gathering relevant
information and submitting dispatches to the newsroom for inclusion in the
broadcasts. A radio reporter must have lightning-fast reflexes and pinpoint
accuracy. The journalist must always be listening for any rumblings that may
indicate something is happening. The headlines of the day may come from any
number of sources, and often without much notice. Covering political events
requires a high level of ability and finesse, whereas covering the economy is
more safer. Although uncommon in developing nations, investigative journalism
has joined the ranks of political, economic, sports, and development news. To
make headway in investigative journalism, a new attitude of inquiry and
criticism must be fostered.
Radio reportage deviates somewhat
from that of print and broadcast media. There is always a battle against the
clock and the need for unique abilities and a serious feeling of duty in radio.
In the reporting world, routine tasks are very simple to do, but complex ones
call for expertise. To provide just one example, a parliamentary reporter has
to be well-versed in House procedure and business regulations in order to do
his work effectively. Similarly, reporting on sports should not be done without
at least a fundamental understanding of the subject.
Stories from the economic front are
probably far less dangerous. Even in this respect, there are aspects of
journalism that are given far greater weight in Asian civilizations than in the
West's industrialised ones. Hoarding, underground markets, and other shady
business activities are the result of food and consumer commodity shortages in
many nations. Reporting on the illegal trade in necessities is just as crucial
as any other beat.
A young reporter may find practically
any kind of reporting to do on his own. What is more crucial is understanding
how these factors relate to the underlying socioeconomic pattern. Reporters are
expected to read their readers' minds. He must also be able to think ahead and multitask
well. For a reporter, success is being able to take complex information and
making it accessible to the audience. A competent reporter is interested in
everything, takes the time to develop his or her own sources, and is always on
the lookout for new perspectives. No ethical journalist should ever publish
rumours, conjecture, or personal opinion.
Q.3 Analyze
the development role of radio and differentiate between development
communication and development support communication.
Audio sources, such as radios, tape
recorders, and the like, are used to convey information audibly. Only around 11
percent of what we hear can be stored in long-term memory, according to
experts. With an audio source, there is no need for any kind of setup. A voice
has made its way to our ears, and we can hear it.
Radio
Since it delivers updates in about
half an hour, it is the quickest method of contact. Radio news bulletins, which
are often just a few minutes long, focus on the most important stories. There
is a set time for the news to air. If we missed them, we cannot listen, since
they are not repeated.
To accommodate a huge number of
illiterate persons, we employ straightforward language. Due to its easy
language, everyone may readily grasp Radio news.
Because it has a negative impact on
listeners, repetition is avoided while producing radio news broadcasts.
The data is presented quickly since
it is impossible to retain all of the specifics in a single listening. A
condensed account of such developments is provided wherever possible. The news
is presented without any embellishment or exaggeration. The radio news is being
read by a newscaster. This means the listener can stay focused on his work. He
may listen news by switching on a Radio transistor stored at his workplace.
Audiences get just the most relevant
and essential stories.
The news broadcasts on the radio are
concise, all-encompassing, and neutral. All facets of a tale are covered.
When it comes to news, radio has its
own agenda that favours national interests. This guideline is being violated by
the absence of any news. The government strictly regulates the airwaves.
Therefore, the news is always skewed in the government's favour. The radio
newscasts that we listen to each day are brief. News is presented, but just the
highlights. When reading a newspaper bulletin, you only need to focus on the
first two and a half columns. Even a poor guy can listen to the radio. It is
more cost-effective than other options. It takes up less room and looks better
on a tabletop. There are other portable transistor radios on the market. A
blind person may still keep up with the news by listening to the radio. As
there is no archive of radio news broadcasts, only visual sources, which are
directly tied to sight, may be utilised as references. It is a better solution
than relying on hearing alone. With the right words, we can make it again. Here
are some common visual media used for sharing information.
Newspapers
The visual journalism we see every
day is in our newspapers. When we read a newspaper, we take in its message. An
informed individual relies heavily on newspapers. A newspaper covers a wide
range of topics. An abundance of news items may be found in a newspaper. Given
that it is released after twenty-four hours, it is the least reliable method of
disseminating information. However, radio and television are more quicker than
newspapers in spreading news. Newspapers report on many sorts of news and
events. Even more so, local news tends to pique people's curiosity. We can only
tune in to the radio or the television at certain times, but we can read the
paper whenever we choose. It has never stopped staring at us. In picking
stories for publication, newspapers always have their readers' best interests
in mind. It is a newspaper distribution system.
At least twelve pages of a national
newspaper are released each day. The news is therefore presented in great
detail. The format of radio and television newscasts makes this impossible. You
may make a news story stand out by giving it a catchy title or by surrounding
it with a margin or a box. This is done with the use of a variety of colours,
images, and brackets. The newspaper provides an introduction and headline for
the event so that the reader may learn more about it.
Newspapers provide what is known as
"space covering" news, whereas radio and television do not. The
consumption of a newspaper does need some level of intelligence, but listening
to the radio or watching television news does not. The news in a newspaper is
independent of the paper's editorial policies. Only in the editorial pages can
the stance of a newspaper be seen. Radio and television, on the other hand, are
governed by the state. Newspaper stories sometimes include intriguing or
startling details to draw readers in. Newspapers provide a window into the
past. A record of it may be made. There was no need for radio or television in
this situation.
Newspapers provide extensive
coverage, but often do not verify their facts. While perusing the newspaper, we
are unable to do any tasks. Paying close attention to newspapers is one method.
It is rather an expensive method of communication. Money is spent on
newspapers. Newspapers are the sole medium in which certain types of writing
(columns, features, and so on) are offered.
A Mixture Of Audio And Visual
When viewing TV, you use both of your
senses, hearing and sight. More than half of what we see on TV stays in our
long-term memory. To put it accurately, it is a hybrid of time- and
space-consuming media. Due to the speed and accuracy of television news, the
world has shrunk to the size of a single city. Its film is used to broadcast
news and events from all around the globe. When used effectively, it may
replace all other forms of communication. We are now witness to the quirks of
television news reporting.
Given its ability to reach a wide
audience via both auditory and visual means, it is the most powerful mass
communication medium. The TV news is presented in a way that is
straightforward, detailed, and easy to follow. The specifics of TV news are
always the same. Due of time constraints, fluff is cut from the text.
Television news broadcasts typically last between five and thirty minutes. Key
details of an event are left out in favour of a more general overview. There is
a major announcement, and the less-important ones have been cut. TV is more
reliable than newspapers since it disseminates accurate information. Detailed
information is provided by means of animated images. When watching, it seems as
though the audience is participating in the action. A viewer's attention is
still piqued by these movies.
Breaking news is usually created in a
matter of seconds. Detailed attention has been paid to every relevant area.
People who miss the first airing of breaking news might take advantage of a
replay. They may set their own viewing schedules for the television. The
dramatic nature of this kind of news presentation is undeniable. This is done
only to keep a viewer interested and has no bearing on the reliability of the
news. A large group of people can watch TV at once, yet only one person can
read a newspaper at a time. The news on TV does not go into space. They are not
necessary for us to maintain at home. Every kind of media clearly labels the
location it originates from. The TV news is prepared in a respectable fashion.
The language used in newspapers is often so vulgar that it would be
inappropriate to read aloud. We are unable to archive this news for future
reference. In order to use a television, electricity is a must.
Q.4 Write
a note on news presentation on radio.
As a radio station, we have a special
relationship with the neighbourhoods where our listeners live. Radio extends
much beyond the stereo—it may frequently be seen supporting local charities,
relaxing families after a bad night, and enlightening the busy residents who
don't always have time to watch the news. But given the upheaval that digital
media has brought, is radio really relevant anymore? Short answer, sure; the
future is bright.
One of the most widespread fallacies
regarding technology is the idea that "conventional" media's audience
and importance have been diminished as a result of digital disruption. Apps for
smartphones, Alexa skills, and other forms of social media have made
"traditional" media more accessible and increased the likelihood of
audience participation. Media observers of the 1940s and 1950s, enamoured with
television, firmly predicted the end of radio. They said that watching movies
on a home theatre system was more exciting than the medium. Doomsayers were
proven incorrect when rock & roll, representing the uprising of a whole
generation of young people against the conservatism of the previous decades,
brought a larger audience to radio than ever before. In the decades that
followed, radio proved to be remarkably resilient, evolving to meet the needs
of new audiences and new technology. Through a focus on listener-driven
programming in the 1980s and '90s, it was able to stave off competition from
PVRs and CDs. At the turn of the millennium, radio stations started rebranding
themselves to appeal to certain listener demographics. Talk radio, punk rock,
and one-band stations all existed before the likes of Spotify and iTunes were
even a glimmer in the minds of their respective founders' eyes, and all of them
were on the air. The end of radio has therefore been considerably overstated,
to quote Mark Twain. Today, an incredible 99.1 percent of Indians have access
to broadcast radio. The majority of people in rural India rely on it as their
primary source of news and information. It is still the cheapest and most
easily transportable media as well: In comparison to the cost of a cell phone
or a television, a radio costs just fifty dollars. With audio programmes, even
the illiterate may understand and learn from the news and other content
presented. Costs associated with creating textual material are generally
one-fifth to one-tenth of the expense of creating images. This paves the way
for more affordable broadcasting in a staggering array of languages, idioms,
and artistic expressions. The technology has been around for almost a century,
so it is not exactly ground-breaking, either. It is now, in fact, feasible for
even laypersons to design and produce broadcast transmitters and receivers. For
good reason, radio has long served as the preferred communication channel for
social movements and activist groups. In addition, listening to the radio for
the morning news is still a frequently reported practise across the world. Due
to the low startup costs and wide audience reach of radio, several community
radio stations have sprung up around the country to serve certain demographics.
Broadcasting in languages such as Bundelkhandi, Garhwali, Awadhi, and Santhali
— which are seldom heard on television — there are now more than 180 community
radio stations in India. During times of great tragedy, radio has often been
the only means of communication. When other forms of communication were
disrupted, such as during the 2004 tsunami and the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, radio
played a crucial role in disseminating information about relief, assistance,
and recovery activities. Most significantly, radio personalises the experience
of listeners, forcing them to engage their imagination while comprehending
what’s occurring. "TV gives everyone a picture, but radio gives birth to a
million images in a million minds," stated American novelist Margaret
"Peggy" Noonan. Her words are a succinct expression of the medium's
adaptability and enduring importance in an age that places a premium on
personalised media.
There are so many chances that will
enable radio to go ahead in full force. The future of radio is brighter than
most imagine. If you work in radio, it is important to monitor audience
listening habits and mobile use trends to determine radio's future role.
We are now witnessing an upsurge in
connection in American life. People who listen to us want ease and
connectivity, so we give them what they want: smart speakers, better
automobiles, and mobile phones. In what ways can we make room for that? We can
reach more people if we meet them where they are and use the mediums they like.
We consider the rise of mobile app development as a chance to strengthen our
company's identity and promote the expansion of our local partners. Marketing
in the future will depend on local, responsive, and easily available apps. We
can hardly wait to watch how things develop.
Q.5 Evaluate
different types of news bulletins broadcast by radio Pakistan and their system
of Production.
There are significant differences
between writing for radio and writing for other mediums like television or the
internet. There are no accompanying visuals in a radio broadcast. Therefore,
the radio host must be able to "think" and craft the show is script.
When preparing the script for a radio show, a radio jockey has to consider the
show is tone and make choices that will allow him or her to convey the desired
emotions to listeners via their voices. The success or failure of a radio
programme often depends on the hosts' word choice, tone, and vocabulary.
Only news scripts, interviews, and
speeches were accepted for radio broadcast throughout the last century. Radio
DJs back then did not play as wide a variety of music genres as we do today.
The radio scripts of the day were brief and easy to read. At the time, radio
was both the most popular and the most affordable form of entertainment,
regardless of socioeconomic status. There was not anything to replace the
entertainment options we have now, such the internet, constant television, etc.
The maritime sector was an early adopter, followed by the news media, and
eventually the music business. These days, we can listen to any number of radio
shows whenever we choose. The radio is a reliable source of information, drama,
and inventive entertainment. It is spawned a whole new sector of the economy
that is creating new jobs. Pod casts, which are online radio broadcasts that
can be listened to and downloaded, have brought radio to the internet.
Today, we can access radio anywhere,
anytime, on any device. The process of obtaining signals or links is not
convoluted in any manner. Since the media is already included in most modern
electronics, there is no need to pay more for it. Worldwide, radio has become
an essential tool for disseminating news, current events, programmes, music,
comedy, and many more genres. It is a portable kind of media that follows its
audience members around all day long. This media encourages participation from
its online and offline audiences alike. The demographic settings of the radio,
including regional and national stations, are determined by population
distribution. Job opportunities for presenters and production staff alike may
now be found in this industry. Competition amongst radio stations is fierce due
to rating systems. Because of the industry's recent growth, highly imaginative
individuals are sought for for managerial roles.
Television and Radio News Writing
Structure
The word count of a well-written
newspaper article might be anything from the hundreds to the thousands. On TV
or radio, the same tale may have to be condensed into 30 seconds, or no more
than 100 words. It may be 90 seconds or two minutes if it is a very big news.
Writing for broadcast requires you to distil large amounts of data down to their
essentials.
Put up the effort to use proper
grammar. Anyone reading a grammatically incorrect TV news script risks seeming
foolish. Order your content such that the most crucial pieces come first. Like
with any news story, the most crucial details should be at the beginning of a
televised news report. The only real difference is a need to compress the
material.
Create captivating openings.
Introduce the tale with specific, accurate details. Broadcast stories sometimes
consist of nothing more than newspaper headlines and the first paragraph
because of the limited amount of time available (30, 60, or 90 seconds). Use no
more than 20-word sentences. Obviously, the announcer has to take a breath.
When reading a script, it is tough to pause for air during particularly long
passages. Write in a conversational tone. Fragmented sentences are OK as long
as they make sense. Shorten your sentences. Avoid using do not by using don't.
On the other hand, you should avoid using contractions ending in -ve (like
would have and could've) since they are often misunderstood as the more natural
"would have" and "could of."
Active voice and verbs should be
used. When referring to his success, it is preferable to state, "He hit
the ball" rather than "The ball was hit by him." Only use past
tense verbs if absolutely required. The use of the present tense conveys a
feeling of urgency. Long-ago events should be spoken about in the past tense.
Do not state something like "Forty individuals were rushed to the hospital
after a railway disaster this morning." Instead, you may state,
"Forty individuals are in the hospital as a consequence of a railway
disaster that occurred early this morning." Use vivid language and
description while writing newscasts for the radio. Get your point through by
helping your audience "see" what you are talking about. Create a
mental picture of what you're explaining to aid with comprehension.
Television and Radio News Writing
Techniques
Always use a person's full name
(first name and last name) the first time you refer to them, and only their
last name from then on. Unfamiliar and difficult-to-pronounce terms should be
spelled out using phonetic spellings. Leave out irrelevant details such obscure
names and locations. Avoid using appositives; titles come before names. The
mayor of Smallville, Tom Smith, did not say that. Instead, say something like,
"Smallville Mayor Tom Smith remarked today..." (For instance,
"Richard Smith, city councilman," not "Richard Smith, city
councilman.") Beth Baker, a student at Anyville High School (not Beth
Baker, a student at Anyville High School).
Before a person's name in an age
reference, provide their age. The victim was a 21-year-old man named Rob Roy
(as in "The victim, Rob Roy..."). If at all possible, avoid include
direct quotes in a news script. Soundbites should be used to allow individuals
to express themselves in their own terms. A soundbite is a short clip of
someone is recorded voice with their precise words. Use transitional phrases
like "In the words of..." or "As he phrased it..." to
introduce direct quotations whenever necessary, and aim for paraphrasing
wherever feasible. Prevent uttering "quotation marks (quote) and ellipses
(unquote) to introduce and terminate quotations.
A quote's citation comes before the
quoted material, not after. Paraphrased quotes in broadcast reports should have
their source mentioned at the beginning of the sentence, rather than at the
end, as is the case when writing for print media. In order to fully appreciate
a quotation, context must be provided. Bill Brown has declared his intention to
seek re-election.
Except for commonly used ones, you
should try to avoid abbreviations altogether. This deviates from the guidelines
established by the Associated Press for print articles. Day, month, state, and
military rank should be written down each time. Mr., Mrs., and Dr. are about
the only permissible abbreviations. Common acronyms should have hyphens
inserted between them to indicate punctuation. Use "U-S" for
"US" (United States) and "U-N" for "United
Nations" (United Nations).
When writing, stay away from symbols.
Examples include never using the dollar symbol ($) in a broadcast. The word
"dollar" must always be spelled properly. The Associated Press
Stylebook for print news stories uses "dollar" differently. Please
use proper punctuation. Remove any semicolons that could otherwise be present.
Instead of using commas for lengthy pauses, use two dashes. Make use of
underlining to draw attention. Get your math right. Numbers 12-999 should be
written out. Above 999, use a combination of a digit and a word separated by a
hyphen. For dates, addresses, and numerals beyond the eleventh, use st, nd, th,
and rd to make them sound more like regular numbers. ("Second
Street," "Anastasia," "This is not AP style for print
(e.g., "May 14th," "Eleventh Avenue," "12th
Division").
Structure of Radio and Television
News Reports
News reports for broadcast are often
written, double-spaced, and all capitals or all lowercase. Once upon a time,
full capital letters were used in television news scripts. Please make the
sentence at the bottom of each page a whole thought. Avoid putting a sentence
on different pages. Do not break up hyphenated phrases or words into several
lines. Leave off the copyediting symbols. The whole term should be crossed out
and replaced with the revised spelling. To accommodate for the inevitable
last-minute changes, scripts for televised news programmes are often
double-spaced.
Narrating Television and Radio News
Stories
The following guidelines should be
used when narrating (or "voicing") scripts for television and radio
news broadcasts. Correctly place the microphone. The ideal placement for a
microphone is between 6 and 10 inches from the lips, at a 45-degree angle to
the speaker's line of sight. The use of "blasting" letters like
"P" and "B" may be avoided. Try to keep your distance from
the mic consistent while you talk into it. Get rid of the things that are
producing noise. Take out any distracting objects, including paper clips or
pens, before beginning to read. The microphone will pick up the sound of paper
clips rustling or pens clicking.
Briefly describe the news event. Ten
seconds should pass after pressing the record button on the video camera or
audio recorder before you begin talking. If you start reciting the script as
soon as you press "record," you risk losing part of the narration.
Referencing should always begin with the date, location, and name of the person
being referenced. You might say something like, "Honeybee narrative, coming
in three, two, one," before beginning the tale. This also aids in the
initial stabilisation of your voice. The customary reference prologue and
countdown will not appear in the final version of the narrative.
Use proper articulation. Communicate
effectively. Do not use slang or run-on sentences. Learn how to articulate your
words clearly by repeating the process often. The pronunciations
"prob-ly" and "git" are often substituted for
"prob-ab-ly," "got" and "jist" are used
interchangeably, and "ain't" is frequently used in place of
"just." Words that end in "ing," like cook, run, and hunt,
should always retain that letter. Consider the possibility. Plan out your
response. Put a grin on your face and an upbeat tone into your voice whenever
possible. This aids in making the story's character more apparent.
You should follow your train of
thought all the way to its conclusion. Read the initial portion of the phrase
while keeping one eye on the finish. Predict the final form of the sentence
before writing it. You may use this to better understand the significance of
the idea's phrasing. Speak at your own pace. But vary the tempo now and again
to prevent becoming boring. Your talking rate is the average pace at which you
deliver sentences. Change your voice's pitch and loudness for emphasis and
attention. Your voice's pitch consists of the high and low tones that it
produces. You may sound more confident by lowering your pitch and inflecting
your speech downward, but you should not do this if it does not sound natural.