Q.1 Define
proof reading. Elaborate mechanism of proof reading.
The process of proofreading involves reviewing the text and making any necessary changes (the word
proof is a publishing time period for a replica of a manuscript to be checked for errors earlier than printing). If you have made it to the proofreading phase of the writing process, then you have pretty well finished your piece. You have likely spent a lot of time on the "larger" components of the venture, such content and form, and the submission deadline is quickly approaching. Your task now is to concentrate at the 'minor' parts like grammar, punctuation and spelling, that enables you to get rid of as many faults from the very final draught as practical.The phrase proofreading is employed
in genetics to designate to the mistake-correcting techniques, initially
postulated by john Hopfield and Jacques nine, involved in DNA replication,
immune gadget specificity, and enzyme-substrate popularity among many other
tactics that demand better specificity. Hopfield's and the other nine's
proofreading mechanisms are active, non-equilibrium procedures that need energy
from ATP to improve the specificity of certain biochemical activities. In
bacteria, each of the three dna polymerases I ii, and iii) may do proofreading
by engaging in three' five' exonuclease activity. If DNA polymerase encounters
a mismatched base pair, it will backtrack with the help of another base pair
from the template DNA and remove the offending nucleotide. Following base
excision, the polymerase may re-insert the proper base and replication can
maintain.
A manuscript is said to have been
proofread if it has been checked for mistakes prior to publication or
distribution. It is the very final step of the writing process, when you
address minor spelling and punctuation faults, typos, formatting difficulties
and inconsistencies.
Proofreading tips
It is important to pause before you
begin. Writing faults are more likely to slip past your attention if you are
too acquainted with the text to read it objectively. Even if you just have a
few minutes, it is helpful to step away from your work and give it some space
before returning to it. By doing so, you will be able to put some space between
yourself and your work and evaluate it more objectively.
Use a spellchecker as part of the
proofreading process. Even if you utilised one on a prior draught, you may have
introduced additional faults while making the final adjustments. The majority
of word processors (including Microsoft Word) provide an in-built spellchecker.
It is a good idea to look for the
most frequent faults you make. Every person has their own special brand of
rookie error. Possible errors include a lack of subject-verb agreement or an
apostrophe (students vs. students') (e.g. this mean instead of this means).
Make use of critiques of your past works to figure out where you go wrong most
of the time. Just take your time. Proofreading involves slower reading than
typical, since you will want to check every word rather than skim through. Many
typos will go unnoticed if you just skim.
Even very competent users can confuse
homophones (such as their and there) while proofreading. Keep an eye out for
genuine terms that do not convey the intended meaning because they have been
substituted with something else (e.g. you may have written form when you wanted
to write format). A spellchecker will miss these types of misspellings. If
possible, verify your work with a hard (printed) copy. If you have written out
your project on the computer, switching to paper copy may help you catch more
typos.
Q.2 How
newspaper page is planned and designed?
Laying together content on a
newspaper page in accordance with editorial and graphical standards is known as
"news design." Graphical aims include readability and the balanced,
unobtrusive insertion of advertising, while primary editorial objectives
include the arrangement of news content by order of significance.
Production Process
A newspaper can not be printed
without a regular supply of interesting articles, a lot of manpower, films,
plates, and, most importantly, creativity. A newspaper producer needs precise
planning, close monitoring and guidance, and the most cautious and dedicated
collaboration from his staff if the publication's flow is to remain steady and
unbroken. Reporters, editors, and photographers are responsible for covering
stories, writing and editing them, as well as capturing and editing photographs
for the articles. For effective output, it is necessary to plan ahead, make
appropriate assignments, routinely clean the news wire machines, edit, and
proofread. The printing process follows the assemblage of raw materials. A
reverse photocopy of the type proof is provided by the engraving department.
Planning ahead, investing in high-quality lighting, and keeping it
well-maintained all work together to provide consistent, high-quality output.
The newspaper's page planner/clothier
must always keep in mind the page's nature, whether it is the front page, back
page, or internal page, and should be aware of the information count that will
be heading on each of those pages after classified ad space has been removed.
When reading the newspaper, the reader no longer gives a hoot about the font or
where the words are placed on the page. An easy-to-read copy is the single most
important need of the reader. The column layout of the newspaper website works
just nicely. A paper's basic layout and the stipulation of all typographic
components are based on the column width. And the body type is the deciding
factor in it. Readership may be increased by strategic association and
placement of different items on newspaper web pages. The basics that the
newspaper web page planner must adhere to include the selection of typefaces,
the formation of typographic principles, the preparation of individual
components of a page, the right positioning of photographs, and the
justification of column space.
Typography/Composing
Typography is "the art and
practise of arranging typographic components on a page," according to the
Oxford English Dictionary. Any object that physically creates a printed picture
is considered a typographic element. The Latin alphabet, numerals, punctuation,
and other symbols, as well as any rules, borders, embellishments, or images,
are all fair game. These are the means of expression; familiarity with their
advantages and disadvantages is essential. While the tools for making pictures
and their placement on paper have evolved throughout the years, the basics of
typography have remained mostly same.
Headlines, articles, images, ads, and
typography all need to work together harmoniously and flow from one another for
a newspaper page to seem like a complete whole. Hand composition, teletype,
direct imprint, photographic composition, cutout acetate letters, dry transfer
or pressure, prototype, and ink-jet are all examples of u type composition.
It is common practise for newspapers
to include illustrations or photographs with personal reflections or ads. While
artwork type refers to reproduction-ready fonts, symbols, and ornamentation.
All the pictures in a newspaper are considered artwork. It is important to note
that there are three distinct levels of artwork enhancement: Artwork
preparation includes (a) receiving and assessing the work to be treated; (b)
packing the work; and (c) processing the work. The design of a newspaper's
website now has to reflect the times by being more visually appealing and
bright. Web page design is to provide pages a structured and aesthetically
pleasing layout, to present information in accordance with its relevance, to
improve the readability of a newspaper's articles, and to give the paper its
own unique personality. Newspapers printed in colour, once considered a small
marvel, have become more commonplace in recent years. You may find chromatic
and achromatic colour variations. Similarly, modular page layout is gaining
favour over traditional vertical and horizontal formats. Both hand-drawn and
expo-style artwork provide a unique touch and fresh perspective to a
newspaper's pages.
Graphics & Design
Photographs—illustrations and
embellishments used to spruce up news articles—include everything from
traditional hand drawing and marker art to more experimental photography
treatments and even the hybridization of these techniques. A photo's
"statistics" may be broken down into "flavour" categories,
and vice versa. Images are often used to depict not just a single graphic component
but also the aggregation of elements in an interesting or unusual way.
Contrarily, design refers to the typographic pairing that does not rely on
conventional columnar divisions or on the standardisation of line length,
stroke width, or artwork proportions. The design and photography should be
straightforward, with an emphasis on one simple visual element that is central
to the story. Design methodology, the methodical planning of how each piece
will look, where it will be put, and what effects it will have on the overall
visual appeal of the website. When making a website, it is also important to
make sure all the visual aspects work well together.
Previously the purview of makeup
editors and typewriters, the introduction of the video display terminal into
newspaper newsrooms transformed productivity by making each reporter more aware
of such duties as typographic style, column width, main, and all the other
information. Most, if not all, of the modifications brought about by use of
automation of editorial and composition process have been instantly or
indirectly impacted by means of the adoption of cutting-edge methods on the web
page layout. Without solid knowledge of computer programming, the reporter and
editor of the future may be severely limited in their abilities. Newspaper
editors have discovered a rapid, effective, and simple technique for
reproducing type, pictures, and drawings with the advent and widespread use of
bloodless type and the removal of warm type. Just about everything that can be
photographed may be uploaded to a website quickly and simply. There is now an
infinite number of layout options and a wide variety of fonts from which to
choose. Current newspapers combine the efforts of picture editors who focus on
the visuals with designers who have professional training to come up with
engaging visual presentations of the day's news. The use of CAFM facilitates
their job by enabling them to consciously plan and execute the placement of
copy headlines without ever leaving the workplace. Today, editors' standard
layout work always results in the creation of pages. The computer format device
may be programmed to do things like resize, crop, and fix images; write and
format headlines; examine several narrative arrangement possibilities; create
and keep track of jumps and training; and edit and format text.
Q.3 Describe
the process of picture-editing.
Adding a captivating effect to your
shot is just one aspect of image editing. Mastering the technical aspects of
photo editing is essential if you want to take your good photos to the next
level and create works of art. To make changes to a digital image using an
editing tool is known as photo editing, post-processing, or post-production. It
is the post-shoot editing equivalent of traditional photography's "darkroom."
After a photographer has finished a photo session and chosen the finest shots,
they will edit the images.
Basic Photo Editing Techniques
Adobe Lightroom is the go-to photo
editing programme for the vast majority of the industry's top photographers.
Light room is an in-depth and powerful editing tool that, when used with Adobe
Photoshop, can produce about any effect imaginable. During post-production, you
may apply a wide variety of editing methods to your images using a programme
like Lightroom. Adjusting the picture quality as a whole is one option, while
others enable you to focus on specific areas and make finer tweaks.
Correct the colour by adjusting the
tint and temperature. The degree to which the picture is bright or dark. Only
the brightest areas of the picture are affected by the highlights. Only the
darker portions of the picture are within the shadows' jurisdiction. The whites
in a picture are the brightest ones. The darkest part of a picture is
determined by the blacks. The contrast between the image's bright and dark
areas. Your darks will be darker and your lights will be brighter if you
increase the contrast. You should tweak the contrast, but just in the midtones
of the image. Boosting the image's clarity has the side effect of making the textures
seem better and adding some grain. However, if you decrease the sharpness, your
images may take on a more ethereal aspect.
Is there a lot of colour data in the
picture? It is analogous to the vibrance setting, which emphasises the less
saturated colours in your picture without changing the more saturated ones.
Method that makes photos seem crisper by increasing contrast during transitions
between light and dark. A technique for eliminating the graininess that might
result from underexposing or shooting at a high ISO in a photograph. In
contrast to grain, noise is often not a desirable quality.
Fixes images warped by the camera's
lens. To account for the unique characteristics of each lens, picture editing
programmes like Lightroom may be programmed to automatically apply the optimal
adjustment. Removes the skewed appearance caused by shooting at an angle. If
you are photographing a structure from the ground up, for instance, you will
have to tilt your camera up so that you have the complete building in the shot,
and the walls will seem to be slanted toward the middle of the frame.
Thankfully, this is an easy problem to solve using Perspective Correction.
Allows you to intentionally apply grain to a picture.
Easily adjusts the image's edge
brightness and darkness for dramatic effect. Allows you to influence a region
inside (or outside of) a curved form like a circle or oval. It is just like the
radial filter, except with a line instead of a circle. Makes it possible to
"brush" in edits using a mouse or pen/tablet. Brushes are another
option for removing imperfections. Features granular control over a color's
hue, saturation, and brightness. (You might use HSL to make all the reds in a
picture seem orangeer, more saturated, and brighter, for instance.)
Simple picture editing software
should nevertheless be able to perform the fundamental editing procedures, each
of which may make your photos more compelling and shareable. These fundamental
features can be found in even the most elementary editing software, but more
advanced programmes will also include additional options that go well beyond
what is covered here. The following basic editing processes are recommended but
not required for most photos; if you want to do any of them, do so in the order
presented.
Of course, the simplest images to
edit are those taken by a professional photographer who took their time to
acquire great shots in the field. To give yourself the most leeway in
post-production, you may choose to shoot in RAW format. As an additional precaution,
check that your editing software is compatible with RAW photos. Taking a
practical photography course is a great way to get started in the field.
Q.4 Discuss
ethics of photo journalism.
Someone new to the field of
photojournalism may find it challenging to understand the norms of the
profession, given the prevalence of photo-editing tools and the trend toward
sensationalised reportage. The stakes are high since your reputation as a
photographer is at stake whenever you post what seems to be a simple photograph
of noteworthy events.
NPPA Code of Ethics
Members of the press may refer to the
nine ethical guidelines laid forth in the National Press Photographers
Association's (NPPA) Code of Ethics. These principles give a structure for not
just members of the NPPA, but for other photojournalists as well. In addition
to the nine criteria, a prologue and seven values are also stated in the code,
which further describe the NPPA's expectations surrounding ethical
photojournalistic reporting. Basically, there are five basic qualities that
outstanding photos often contain; Good use of light, colour, a fascinating
moment, perfect composition for the current circumstances, and the
photographer's choice of distance to their subject. Often, great pictures will have
just one or two of these components down pat.
I will be the first to say that it is
tough to have all of these components come together in one frame. Even while I
seldom succeed in taking a really excellent shot, I find that trying to do so
pushes me to improve.
Essentially, these are five tools we
have as photographers to work with, enabling us to make better quality images.
Once we learn to identify and appreciate these components, we may begin to
generate outstanding photos rather than just excellent ones. Bring them all
together perfectly under one frame and you will have something incredibly
remarkable.
Situations in Photojournalism Ethics
It may be challenging to choose where
to draw the road, despite the apparent simplicity of the nppa's list of principles
shown above. The solution will not be as simple as it may first look since
every circumstance is unique. It is possible that as a photographer, you might
be subject to a different set of ethical rules and regulations from each
publication, news outlet, or press group to which you belong. Learning the
importance of ethics in your role as a news reporter is crucial if you want to
work as a photographer.
We can draw a fine line at the point
when editing becomes unethical. In 2006, for instance, the nppa used a creative
edit in addition to a montage edit. A more aesthetically pleasing version of
the original photograph was achieved, for instance, by tweaking its hues. The
second has a snapshot that clearly did not happen in real life, since it is the
result of the fusion of two separate photographs. While the second occurrence
represents an ethical breach, the first is not quite as squeaky clean due to
the use of colour manipulation. But both are unethical because they distort how
things really happened. Furthermore, the 1997 Newsweek cover featuring
septuplet mom from Iowa Bobbi McCaughey generated much backlash since it seemed
to have manipulated the picture in a way that straightened her teeth. When
editing photos, photojournalists should do it for technical reasons and not to
change the image itself.
Taking a precise shot with minimal
editing and presenting it to the viewer is just half the battle. When covering
celebrities, the paparazzi and celebrity gossip publications are often accused
of editing photos to fit a narrative. Two famous actors may be seen laughing
and smiling at each other if they were standing close together. However, the
photo's background may reveal that the stars are really posing for someone not
visible in the frame. It would be unethical to post the picture as
"Celebrity X and Celebrity Y greet each other," since it would be a
misrepresentation of the photo's context.
Privacy and Violence in Photographs
While faced with tense or emotionally
charged situations, photojournalists often struggle to determine where to draw
the line when covering stories about private citizens. Photographing a
handicapped veteran coming home from battle during a public ceremony is not
seen as an invasion of privacy, however camping outside the veteran's home to
acquire a picture is. Photos showing emergency vehicles rushing to the site of
an accident, or of mangled vehicles with passengers still inside, are also
often required. However, photos of victims with injuries should be thoroughly
scrutinised before publication.
As long as there has been a camera,
there has also been photographic manipulation and unethical behaviour. There
have been several cases of unethical behaviour in photojournalism throughout
its history. Photo Tampering Through Time is a great resource for learning
about well-known examples of digital photo manipulation. The author discusses a
variety of photographs, including the iconic portrait of Abraham Lincoln, a
picture of Adolf Hitler, and the National Geographic cover depicting the Egyptian
pyramids.
Keeping to the truth is the greatest
approach to avoid an ethical breach in photojournalism. Make sure the
description specifies that the picture is a "photograph instance" or
"artistic interpretation" if you desire control over the colours or
presentation of the topic. In addition, make sure you know whether a photo was
staged by labelling inventory pictures as such.
A photojournalist ethics course is
another great approach to avoid unethical behaviour. Talk to your editor,
supervisor, or employer if you require clarification on an image you are
expected to use.
A excellent guideline to follow when
it comes to truth in photojournalism is one of many stated in the Society for
Professional Journalist's Code of Ethics: Never manipulate the substance of
news images or video. Image augmentation for technical clarity is always
acceptable. Photo montages and graphics with labels. Photographers may avoid
most ethical lapses if they follow this guideline and the NPPA's others.
Fundamental Elements of Photography
Light is the most important aspect of
every photograph since it reveals the subject or the problem. The high quality
and orientation of the light is more essential than whether it is natural or
artificial. Mild assists to build a distinct temper within the picture and
could communicate focus to crucial features within a physique. Light's ability
to cast contrasting highlights and shadows is another way it may add drama to a
picture and showcase its textural details. As is well-known, several books and
tutorials have been written on the topic, and the context of this writing is
not necessarily ideal for a deep dive. If we want to take better photos,
however, we need to realise that light is the most important instrument we
have.
Like light, colour serves to
establish the tone of a picture and may play a big part in reaching the viewer
on an emotional level. Color may also be employed as a compositional element
where contrasting hues play a very essential function.
An image's colour is a major contributor
to the mood it conveys. Evoking emotions is vital in producing great visuals
and colour is one of our key instruments to achieve this. Again, this is an
in-depth subject which this post will not delve into, but be conscious that by
utilising proper colours in our photographs we can better portray various
emotions and have a deeper effect on the audience.
A powerful moment is more than
spotlighting a certain topic or activity in time. Creating a moment in a
photograph should be about having all the pieces in a frame come together as to
create a gripping tale, when every aspect of the image interacts with the other
parts in a manner that the spectator would say – wow this is amazing and
probably doesn't happen that frequently.
Not every shot will be able to have
rare moments when all the components come together perfectly, but again we
should be thinking about this before shooting so we may strive to add more
aspects that create a greater moment. Remember that the time of day you choose
to shoot at has a significant impact on the mood and tone of your final
product.
In its simplest form, composition is
the skill of strategically layering your clothing to draw attention to the
features you want to highlight. Even though composition is sometimes subjective,
a well-composed photograph may transform a mundane picture into one that
compels viewers to learn more. While there are many resources available to help
photographers improve their composition skills, it is ultimately up to the
individual to choose a method that works best in a specific circumstance. I
learn a lot by studying the works of the greats and by shooting as much as
possible to hone my skills.
A photograph's emotional and everyday
impact will change depending on how close or far the photographer stands from
their subject. It will also help you figure out what focal length to use so
that your shot includes all that matters. According to se, there is no one best
way to handle any of these five variables. The situation and the goals of the
photographer will determine the approach. That being mentioned, positive photos
are more powerful if taken towards the problem, giving the viewer feel like
they're there. Different images seem loads superior at a comparable distance
from the challenge. Thinking must go into the reasons we choose certain
distances from our subjects and the best method to make the final image appear.
Q.5 Explain the techniques of writing
for magazine.
A lot of authors' ideal job would be
to contribute to magazines by writing pieces for them to publish. This is due
to the fact that the remuneration is often quite high. In addition to that, it
may also provide visibility, which may ultimately result in other article
writing tasks. If you choose subjects that fall within both your areas of
knowledge and areas of interest, you will increase the likelihood that the
magazine articles you write will be of a high quality. Publishers are
constantly looking for articles that are either very authoritative or offer a
significant amount of in-depth information. I think it would be helpful if you
made a list of all the things that you consider yourself to be really excellent
at. After that, choose the ones that you would have the most success marketing
to various publications.
If the content of your articles is
very engaging, you will have a greater chance of having them published.
Investigate the subject you have selected in depth, and try to identify
perspectives on it that have not been covered before as well as those that will
make your audience sit up and take notice. In addition, make it a point to
steer clear of writing on broad subjects. There is a common consensus among
publishers that they dislike articles that include an excessive amount of
material that is not really valuable or useful to their readers.
Even if you are certain that you have
an in-depth understanding of the topic you have selected, I am sure it would
not harm to perform some research on the issue. This will practically make it
possible for you to get more helpful and up-to-date information, which will
enable you to make your posts more useful and worthwhile in the eyes of your
target audience. Research the relevant resources, and if you want more
information, talk to some additional experts.
The next thing you need to do is come
up with a format that you can use to guide the composition of your articles.
This should include the concepts that you are going to talk about in the
introduction, the body of the article, and the conclusion of the piece. Make a
decision as to whether or not you will include graphics, testimonials, and
photographs.
When it comes to writing articles for magazines, you are not forced to adhere to any specific format or layout, in contrast to when you are writing pieces for newspapers. You are free to use as much imagination as is required of you. I recommend that you write in their language in order to capture the attention of your readers. It will also be helpful for you in the event that you strive to appear enthusiastic and passionate all the time. Keep in mind that readers are not only looking for information when they read magazine articles; they also want to be amused by what they are reading. Every magazine has its own set of guidelines that you need to follow on the topics, method, and tone that you should use while writing for it. In the event that they are not accepted for publication, I would suggest that you read all of the pieces that were utilised by the publications to which you would want to send your copy for consideration. If you do this, you will definitely have a good sense of the specifics of what it is that they are trying to find.