Political Parties and Pressure Groups in Pakistan (545)
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Q.1 political
party is the basic component of democracy with reference to this discuss the
objectives of formation of political parties. Explain the functions of
political parties and also discuss the democracy within political party.
The objectives of forming political
parties are to represent the diverse interests and views of citizens, to
contest elections and form the government, to articulate policy positions, to
act as a watchdog over the government, and to provide an alternative to the
ruling party.
The functions of political parties
include:
Representation: Political parties provide representation
to various groups and communities in society.
Election Contests: Political parties participate in
elections and compete for power.
Policy Making: Political parties formulate policies and
programs that they promise to implement if they come to power.
Government Formation: Political parties work towards forming
the government and implementing their policies.
Opposition: Political parties play the role of opposition
and criticize the government when it fails to deliver on its promises.
Democracy within political parties is
achieved through internal elections, transparency in decision-making, and the
ability of members to participate in the party's activities and express their
views. Political parties must also ensure that their internal structures and
processes are democratic and adhere to principles of equality and fair
representation. This is important to maintain the credibility and legitimacy of
political parties in a democratic system.
Q.2 Elaborate
the elements of pressure groups. Describe in detail the types of different
pressure groups in Pakistan and also explain their role in developments of
public opinion.
Elements of Pressure Groups:
Membership: Pressure groups have a defined
membership, usually made up of individuals who share common interests or goals.
Goals: Pressure groups have specific goals or
objectives that they aim to achieve through collective action.
Leadership: Pressure groups have a leadership
structure that guides and coordinates the activities of the group.
Resources: Pressure groups have access to various
resources, such as funding, expertise, and networks, that enable them to
achieve their goals.
Tactics: Pressure groups employ a variety of
tactics, such as lobbying, advocacy, and mobilization, to influence government
policies and public opinion.
Types of Pressure Groups in Pakistan:
Political Parties: Political parties are considered a type
of pressure group as they represent specific interests and ideologies, and use
various tactics to influence government policies.
Business Interest Groups: These are groups that represent the
interests of businesses and corporations, and advocate for policies that
promote economic growth and competitiveness.
Labor Unions: Labor unions represent the interests of
workers and advocate for policies that protect workers' rights and improve
their working conditions.
Religious Groups: Religious groups represent the interests
of religious communities and advocate for policies that promote their beliefs
and values.
Environmental Groups: Environmental groups represent the
interests of those concerned about environmental protection and advocate for
policies that promote sustainability and conservation.
Role of Pressure Groups in Developing
Public Opinion:
Advocacy: Pressure groups use various forms of
communication, such as media campaigns and public events, to advocate for their
positions and raise awareness about their issues.
Lobbying: Pressure groups engage in lobbying,
which involves direct communication with government officials and policymakers,
to influence decision-making.
Mobilization: Pressure groups mobilize their members
and the public to take action on specific issues, such as participating in
protests and signing petitions.
Shaping Discourse: Pressure groups play a role in shaping
public discourse by advancing certain ideas and framing issues in specific
ways.
By engaging in these activities, pressure
groups can have a significant impact on public opinion and influence government
policies. Their role in shaping public opinion and influencing decision-making
is an important aspect of democratic participation and accountability.
Q.3 Discuss
in detail the interaction and interrelation process between the political
parties and pressure groups during 1956-1977.
Interaction and Interrelation between
Political Parties and Pressure Groups (1956-1977):
Competition: Political parties and pressure groups
often competed for influence over government policies and public opinion. This
competition could take the form of direct confrontation or indirect rivalry, as
each tried to gain the upper hand in shaping public discourse and influencing
decision-making.
Cooperation: In some cases, political parties and
pressure groups cooperated with each other to achieve common goals. For
example, political parties may have aligned with labor unions to support
workers' rights, or environmental groups may have worked with political parties
to advance environmental protection policies.
Influence on Political Parties: Pressure groups exerted influence on
political parties by advocating for specific policies and by mobilizing public
opinion. This influence could lead political parties to adopt positions that
reflected the views and interests of pressure groups.
Pressure on the Government: Political parties and pressure groups
sometimes joined forces to exert pressure on the government. For example, a coalition
of political parties and labor unions might have organized protests or strikes
to demand policy changes or better working conditions.
Political Responsiveness: Political parties and the government
were often responsive to the demands and influence of pressure groups. This
responsiveness reflected the democratic principle of accountability, as
political parties and the government were accountable to the public and to
various interest groups in society.
During the period of 1956-1977, the
interaction and interrelation between political parties and pressure groups
reflected the dynamic and constantly evolving nature of democratic politics.
While competition and cooperation between political parties and pressure groups
could lead to both positive and negative outcomes, their interaction and
interrelation played a crucial role in shaping government policies and public
opinion, and in advancing the interests and views of various groups in society.
Q.4 Identify
the elements of public opinion. Elaborate the role of public opinion in
developments of democracy.
Elements of Public Opinion:
Attitudes: Public opinion is composed of attitudes
and beliefs held by individuals about various political, social, and economic
issues.
Values: Public opinion is also shaped by values and
moral principles, such as freedom, equality, and justice, that inform
individuals' perspectives and opinions.
Knowledge: Public opinion is influenced by the level
of knowledge and understanding individuals have about issues and events.
Interests: Public opinion is also shaped by
individuals' interests, such as their socioeconomic status, education, and
occupation, which can inform their views and opinions.
Demographic Characteristics: Public opinion can also be influenced by
demographic factors, such as age, gender, race, and ethnicity, which can shape
individuals' perspectives and opinions.
Role of Public Opinion in Developing
Democracy:
Representation: Public opinion plays a crucial role in
democratic societies by serving as a means of representation for the views and
interests of the people.
Accountability: Public opinion holds elected officials
and political parties accountable to the people, as they must respond to the
views and interests of the public to maintain their legitimacy and support.
Participation: Public opinion encourages and enables
individual participation in the democratic process, as individuals are able to
express their views and opinions, and participate in decision-making.
Conflict Resolution: Public opinion can play a role in
resolving political conflicts by providing a means for the expression of
differing perspectives and interests, and for finding common ground.
Shaping Policy: Public opinion can also have a direct
impact on policymaking, as political parties and elected officials are
responsive to the views and interests of the public.
In conclusion, public opinion is an
important element of democratic societies, as it provides a means of
representation and participation for the people, and serves as a mechanism of
accountability and influence for elected officials and political parties. The
role of public opinion in developing democracy reflects the central democratic
principle of government by and for the people.
Q.5 What
were the causes of formation of Pakistan National Alliance against the Bhutto
government?
Causes of Formation of Pakistan National
Alliance against the Bhutto Government:
Economic Policies: The Bhutto government's economic
policies, which included nationalization of industries and implementation of
socialist reforms, were seen as a threat to the interests of the business
community and private sector. This led to widespread opposition to the
government and its policies.
Political Repression: The Bhutto government was accused of
suppressing political dissent and opposition, through censorship, arrests, and
other forms of repression. This further eroded support for the government and
contributed to the formation of the Pakistan National Alliance.
Religious Issues: The Bhutto government's policies
regarding religion and religious minorities were seen as controversial and
divisive by many. This led to opposition from religious groups and leaders, who
felt that the government was infringing on their rights and religious freedoms.
Corruption and Mismanagement: The Bhutto government was also
criticized for corruption, mismanagement, and nepotism, which further eroded
public support and contributed to the formation of the Pakistan National
Alliance.
Electoral Fraud: The general elections of 1977 were
widely seen as rigged and fraudulent, leading to widespread opposition and
protests against the Bhutto government. The formation of the Pakistan National
Alliance was a response to these protests, as opposition parties and groups
sought to challenge the legitimacy of the Bhutto government.
In conclusion, the formation of the
Pakistan National Alliance against the Bhutto government was a result of
widespread opposition to the government's policies, political repression,
religious issues, corruption and mismanagement, and electoral fraud. The
alliance represented a coalition of opposition parties and groups that sought
to challenge the Bhutto government and advance alternative policies and
perspectives.
Dear Student,
Ye sample assignment h. Ye bilkul copy
paste h jo dusre student k pass b available h. Agr ap ne university assignment
send krni h to UNIQUE assignment hasil krne k
lye ham c contact kren:
0313-6483019
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